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VIVEK ASTHANA, F.I.E. Former Chief Engineer UPPCL

VIVEK ASTHANA, F.I.E. Former Chief Engineer UPPCLVIVEK ASTHANA, F.I.E. Former Chief Engineer UPPCLVIVEK ASTHANA, F.I.E. Former Chief Engineer UPPCL

  

Energy transition from fossil fuels to carbon free renewables.

Contribution of every-one is important to shape the future.

More About Vivek Asthana

VIVEK ASTHANA, F.I.E. Former Chief Engineer UPPCL

VIVEK ASTHANA, F.I.E. Former Chief Engineer UPPCLVIVEK ASTHANA, F.I.E. Former Chief Engineer UPPCLVIVEK ASTHANA, F.I.E. Former Chief Engineer UPPCL

  

Energy transition from fossil fuels to carbon free renewables.

Contribution of every-one is important to shape the future.

More About Vivek Asthana

Join Hands for future green

Explore- Energy Efficiency, Energy Management, Energy Conservation, Demand Side Management, Encourage Renewable Energy, Discourage Fossil Fuel Energy.


Its time to go for Solar - Upgrade Social Status - Save Environment

PM Suryaghar- Muft Bijli Yojna


  • Launched on 13 Feb 2024.
  • Extended to March 26.
  • Total allocation of 75021 Crs.
  •  Aims to install roof top solar panels on One Crore houses.
  • Capacity addition will be 30 GW.  
  • Each house-hold will get appx 300 units of free power per month & an average income of around 17000 to 18000 per annum.
  • Generation of more than 1000 billion solar units in next 25 years.
  • Reduction of more than 720 million tons of carbon di oxide in next 25 years.
  • 17 lacs direct job creations.

The Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan (PM-KUSUM)

 

PM-KUSUM

  1. The Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan (PM-KUSUM) scheme was launched in March 2019.
  2. To promote solar energy use in agriculture, reduce diesel dependence, and increase farmers' income.
  3. Extended to March 2026. 
  4. Aims to add Solar capacity of 34,800 MW by March 2026.
  5. Total Central Financial support of ₹ 34,422 crore.
  6. Component-A: Setting up of 10,000 MW of Decentralized Ground/ Stilt Mounted Grid-Connected Solar or other Renewable Energy based Power Plants.
  7. Component-B: Installation of 14 Lakh Stand-alone Solar Agriculture Pumps.
  8. Component-C: Solarization of 35 Lakh Grid Connected Agriculture Pumps [C1 (IPS) - Solarization of Grid connected individual pumps (90% subsidy in UP)] [C - FLS - Feeder level solarization -   solarization of agricultural feeders rather than individual pumps].
  9. Appx. capacity addition - 10 + 7 + 18 (component A + B + C) - 35 GW Renewable.

Liquid Hydrogen Tank at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. The tank kept liquid hydrogen at -423 F degree.

Production of Green Hydrogen [Water Electrolysis by Green (Renewable) Energy]

. 

  • Pure water has an extremely low concentration of ions [H+ and OH -] due to self-ionization, resulting in very low electrical conductivity.
  • Thus almost no current flows. 
  • An electrolyte, like dilute sulfuric acid [H2{SO}4], or sodium hydroxide, {NaOH}must be added to enable conduction. 
  • Reaction is
  • 2H2O(l) --  2H2(g) + O2(g)
  • H2O      --   H+     +     OH-
  • H+ moves towards cathode, gain electron (coming from external circuit), H2 (g) releases. OH- moves towards anode, loose electrons (to the external circuit), forms H2O(l) & O2(g).
  • Electrode Reactions [Platinum/Graphite Electrodes are used]
  • Cathode (Negative Terminal - Reduction): Gains of electrons -    2H+     +     2e-    --   H2(g) 
  • Anode (Positive Terminal - Oxidation): Loss of electrons  -   4OH-   -   e-   --   2H2O(l)  + O2(g)
  • The volume of hydrogen gas produced is twice the volume of oxygen gas.
  • Products are Hydrogen gas H2 at the cathode, Oxygen gas O2 at the anode Thermodynamically, a minimum of 1.23 volts is required for water electrolysis.
  • However in practice, an over potential is needed to overcome resistances, actually requires 2.0 to 2.5 Volts.
  • It is a non-spontaneous reaction requiring high energy input. 

Green Hydrogen - Electrolyzer Cell

Production of Green Hydrogen through Renewable Electricity, Recent Advancements: 

  • Green hydrogen production via electrolysis currently achieves commercial-scale efficiencies of 60–85% (LHV), with advanced systems pushing 85–90%.
  • Commercial electrolyzers (PEM/Alkaline) convert water to hydrogen with 80–95% efficiency, but total system often accounts 30-40% energy loss.
  • Alkaline Electrolysis (AEL)are most common for large-scale production, with efficiencies around 60–80%.
  • Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) systems are typically 55–80% efficient, offering better flexibility for variable renewable energy input (solar/wind).
  • Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cells (SOEC) work on high-temperature technology with potential for >95% efficiency. Presently in phase of industrial pilot projects.
  • Global installed electrolyzer capacity reached 1.4 GW in 2023.
  • Large-scale projects (hundreds of megawatts) improve economics and allow for modular, containerized setups (e.g., 2 MW PEM units), with advantage of scalability.
  • Green hydrogen generation cost varies $2.28–7.39/kg, notably higher than grey hydrogen ($0.67–1.31/kg).


The Hydrogen Fuel Cell

Advancements in Fuel Cells (Electricity from Green Hydrogen) Technologies 

  • Fuel cell generates electricity through an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, producing water and heat as byproducts.
  • It consists of an anode, cathode, and an electrolyte.
  • Hydrogen gas is fed at Anode (Negative Electrode), where a catalyst separates the hydrogen molecules into protons and electrons, forcing electrons through an external circuit to create electricity (DC).
  • Electrolyte Membrane is centre layer (electrolyte) allows only the protons to pass through to the cathode.
  • Oxygen (or air) is fed at Cathode (Positive Electrode), where cathode catalyst combines the electrons (returning from the external circuit), to produce oxygen ions, which combine protons (coming through the electrolyte), to produce water (H2O) and heat.
  • Remaining oxygen ions pass to anode, through electrolyte, combine with protons, to produce water (H2O) and heat.
  • No Combustion, Continuous Power unlike batteries, Emission-Free.
  • Commercial Fuel Cells typically operate at 40% to 60% electrical efficiency. 
  • Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) operate around 60 – 90 deg C temperature. 
  • Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)operate at high temperature of around 600 – 1000 deg C, if utilized in combined heat and power (CHP) systems, result total efficiency 80% to 85%. 
  • PEM Fuel Cells (Vehicles) generally operate around 60% efficiency for producing electricity.
  • Stationary Fuel Cells (Molten Carbonate FC/Solid Oxide FC) operate on 50% to 60%efficiency for producing electricity.

The Hydrogen - Future of World

Hydrogen Colour Code:


(A) Primary Colours:

  • Green Hydrogen: Produced via electrolysis of water using renewable energy sources (wind, solar, hydro). This process is climate-neutral with zero emissions.
  • Blue Hydrogen: Produced from natural gas using steam methane reforming (SMR), but with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) to capture the emissions.
  • Grey Hydrogen: Produced from natural gas (methane) using SMR without capturing the resulting carbon dioxide. This is currently the most common form.
  • Brown/Black Hydrogen: Produced from coal or lignite gasification. It is the most carbon-intensive method, with black/brown indicating the coal type used.


(B) Other Hydrogen Colours:

  • Pink/Purple Hydrogen: Produced via electrolysis using nuclear power, often categorized by whether it uses nuclear electricity (pink) or heat (purple).
  • Turquoise Hydrogen: Produced through methane pyrolysis, which splits methane into hydrogen and solid carbon (rather than gas).
  • Yellow Hydrogen: Produced      via electrolysis specifically using solar power.
  • White Hydrogen: Naturally  occurring, geological hydrogen found in underground deposits.

India's COP26 [UNFCCC- 26th, Conference of Parties, Glassgow, UK, Oct - Nov 2021] Pledges:

WION India to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070, says PM Modi at COP26 summit| Latest World English News

  • Net      Zero by 2070: India's long-term goal to reach net-zero emissions.
  • 500      GW Non-Fossil Capacity: Aiming to install 500 Gigawatts (GW) of      non-fossil fuel energy capacity by 2030.
  • 50%      Renewable Energy: Meeting half of its energy requirements from      renewable sources by 2030.
  • One      Billion Tonne Emission Cut: Reducing total projected carbon emissions      by one billion tonnes from 2021 to 2030.
  • 45%      Carbon Intensity Reduction: Decreasing the carbon intensity of its      economy by over 45% by 2030 (from 2005 levels). 

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